Incamake y'Ubuyobozi
Megizike ni yo ya gatandatu ku isi mu gutanga amagi menshi, ikaba ikora toni miliyoni 3.27 z'amagi mu 2024, kandi ifite agahigo ku isi ko gukoresha amagi ku muntu umwe ku magi 392 ku muntu ku mwaka. Inyuma y'iyi mibare hari inganda zitanga toni miliyoni 7.7 z'ibiryo by'inkoko buri mwaka - igice cya kabiri mu bunini bw'ibiryo byose bya Megizike bitanga toni miliyoni 41. Ku bijyanye no gukoresha ibiryo by'inkoko, ubwiza bw'ibiryo si amahitamo: guhinduka kw'ubwiza bw'ibiryo bigira ingaruka ku bunini bw'igi, imbaraga z'ibishishwa, n'umusaruro w'inkoko.
Ubu bushakashatsi busuzuma uruganda rutunganya amagi rukorera mu nganda zitunganya amagi muri Jalisco, leta nini cyane muri Megizike ikora amagi, rwasimbuye uruganda rutunganya amagi rusaza rukoresha Hongyang ring dies mu ntangiriro za 2025. Mu mezi 12, uru ruganda rwamaze rukora toni 8 ku isaha, rufite igipimo cyo guhagarara kw'amagi (PDI) kirenga 94%, rugabanya igihe cyo kudakora ku kigero cya 30%, kandi rwagaragaje ko ingano y'amagi yazamutse cyane bitewe n'abakiriya barwo bashinzwe gutanga amagi.
1. Inganda z'amagi muri Megizike: Ubunini n'akamaro
Urwego rw'inkoko muri Megizike ni inkingi ikomeye mu mutekano w'ibiribwa mu gihugu. Inkoko miliyoni 173 zitera amagi muri iki gihugu -- ni zo nkomoko nini cyane muri Amerika y'Epfo -- zitanga amagi akoreshwa ku gipimo cyo hejuru cyane ku muntu ku isi. Nk'uko bitangazwa n'ishyirahamwe ry'abakora inkoko muri Megizike (UNA), umunyamegizike usanzwe arya amagi 392 ku mwaka, arusha cyane Kolombiya iri ku mwanya wa kabiri amagi 291.
Inganda zigizwe n’inganda nini zikora amagi zihagaze neza ndetse n’inganda zigenga. PROAN, ifite inganda zikora amagi miliyoni 34, ni yo sosiyete ya kabiri ku isi mu nini cyane. Bachoco, ikigo cy’inkoko gitanga amagi miliyoni 12.2 hamwe n’ubucuruzi bwayo bukomeye bwo korora inyama. Empresas Guadalupe, El Calvario, na Gena Agropecuaria, buri imwe icunga inganda miliyoni 10 cyangwa zirenga. Munsi y’izi nganda nini, inganda nyinshi zitunganya ibiryo by’amatungo zitanga ubworozi bw’inganda zigenga muri Jalisco, Guanajuato, Puebla, na Nuevo León.
Nk’uko bivugwa n’Inama Nkuru y’Ibiryo bya Mexique (Conafab), inganda z’ibiryo bya Mexique zeze toni miliyoni 41 mu 2024, zikaba ziza ku mwanya wa gatanu ku isi nyuma y’Ubushinwa, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, Brezili n’Ubuhinde, nk’uko bivugwa n’Inama Nkuru y’Ibiryo bya Mexique (Conafab). Ibiryo by’ibiryo by’ibiryo bifite toni miliyoni 7.7 - hafi kimwe cya gatanu cy’ibiryo byose bikorerwa muri icyo gihugu. Conafab irateganya ko umusaruro w’ibiryo by ...
Mexique itumiza hafi 74% by'ibinyampeke byayo by'ibiryo, cyane cyane ibigori biva muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, bigatuma iba igihugu kinini gitumiza ibigori ku bashora imari bo muri Amerika. Kubera ko ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga bitwara amafaranga menshi mu bikoresho fatizo, imikorere myiza y'inganda zitunganya ibiryo yabaye ikintu gikomeye mu guhangana.
2. Umukiriya: Uruganda rutunganya ibiribwa rwa Jalisco Layer Feed Mill
Uru ruganda muri ubu bushakashatsi ni ubucuruzi bukorerwa mu gace ka Los Altos muri Jalisco, agace k’ibanze ka Megizike gatanga amagi. Rukora toni zigera ku 2.500 z’ibiryo by’amagi buri kwezi, rukorera urusobe rw’ibigo byigenga by’amagi mu ntera ya kilometero 100. Uru ruganda rukora imirongo ibiri y’uru ruganda rw’amagi - rumwe rugenewe ibiryo by’amagi by’icyiciro cya mbere (calcium nyinshi, imiterere ikomeye) n’urundi rugenewe ibiryo by’icyiciro cya kabiri n’icya gatatu.
Mbere y’uko Hongyang ishyirwaho mu ntangiriro za 2025, uru ruganda rwari rukora ibikoresho bya pellet circle dies byaturutse ku mucuruzi w’i Burayi ku murongo warwo w’ibanze w’ikorwa, uruganda rwa pellet rufite agaciro ka toni 8 ku isaha. Umuyobozi ushinzwe kubungabunga uru ruganda yavuze ko hari ibibazo bibiri byakomeje kubaho. Icya mbere, igihe cyo gukora cyari cyagabanutse kikagera ku masaha agera ku 2.500 - hafi amezi atandatu ku musaruro w’uru ruganda - mbere yuko PDI igabanuka munsi ya 88%. Icya kabiri, umusaruro warahindutse hagati ya toni 6.5 na 7.8 ku isaha bitewe n’uko icyuma cyangiritse, bigahungabanya gahunda y’umusaruro ndetse bigatuma habaho impinduka mu gihe cy’ubusabe bwinshi.
Ku nganda zitunganya ibiryo by’inkoko, PDI ifite akamaro gatandukanye no ku nyamaswa zo mu bwoko bwa “layer”. Inkoko zo mu bwoko bwa “layer” zirya ibiryo mu gihe kirekire cyo gutanga umusaruro — akenshi ibyumweru 52 kugeza kuri 80 — kandi ubwiza bubi bw’ibiryo butuma inkoko zirya ibiryo byinshi cyane, ibyo zirinda kubyaza umusaruro. Ibi bituma inkoko zidakora neza, ingano y’amagi igabanuka, ndetse bigatuma amafaranga yinjira make kuri buri nkoko. Ubushakashatsi bugaragaza ko PDI iri munsi ya 85% ifitanye isano no kugabanuka gushoboka k’umusaruro w’inkoko n’uburemere bw’amagi (Abadi et al., 2019; Abdollahi et al., 2013).
3. Uburyo bwa Hongyang: Ubuhanga mu by'impeta nziza
Itsinda rishinzwe gutanga amasoko ry’uruganda ryasuzumye ibyuma bikozwe mu nganda eshatu mbere yo guhitamo Hongyang. Ibipimo ngenderwaho byo gusuzuma byari: kuramba kw’ingufu mu gihe habayeho calcium nyinshi, indyo igoye; kudahindagurika kw’ingufu mu gihe cyose zikoreshwa; hamwe n’ubushobozi bw’umutanga serivisi mu bijyanye no kunoza ikigereranyo cyo gukanda.
Hongyang yatanze igitekerezo cy'impeta yihariye ifite ibisobanuro bikurikira:
Bihuye n'icyitegererezo cy'uruganda rukora pellet
Yagenewe indyo y'icyiciro cya mbere ifite kalisiyumu iri hagati ya 3.8–4.2% na poroteyine isanzwe iri hagati ya 15–16%.
Igishushanyo mbonera cy'intambwe nyinshi cyo kugabanya ubushyuhe n'ingufu bikoreshwa
Icyuma gifite chromium nyinshi gifite uburyo bwo gukomera buvamo umwuka kugeza kuri Rockwell 58–62 HRC
Indorerwamo irabagirana kugeza kuri Ra ≤ 0.4 μm
Guhitamo igipimo cyo gukanda byari ingenzi cyane. Indyo y’ibice ikubiyemo kalisiyumu nyinshi (ubusanzwe 3.5–4.5%) ikomoka ku byongewemo mu bishishwa bya limestone na oyster, bikunze kuba bibi kandi byihutisha kwangirika kw’ibishishwa. Igipimo cyo gukanda kiri hasi cyane gitanga uduce duto; hejuru cyane bitanga ubushyuhe bwinshi, bikagabanya vitamine na aside amine ziterwa n’ubushyuhe. Itsinda rya tekiniki rya Hongyang ryakoranye n’inzobere mu by’imirire kugira ngo bagaragaze igipimo cyiza cya L/D hashingiwe ku binure byihariye, urugero rwa fibre, n’ingano y’uturemangingo.
Imashini zakorewe mu kigo cya Hongyang kiri i Liyang, muri Jiangsu, hakoreshejwe ibikoresho byo gucukura imbunda bya CNC n'imiyoboro yo gutunganya ubushyuhe bw'umwuka. Buri mashini yagenzuwe na PDI ku ruganda rwapimwe rukoresha indyo y'icyitegererezo mbere yo koherezwa.
4. Ibisubizo: Amakuru y'imikorere y'amezi 12
Ingufu za Hongyang ring zashyizweho muri Gashyantare 2025. Uruganda rwakurikiranye ibipimo by'ingenzi by'imikorere mu mezi 12 yakurikiyeho kandi rubigereranya n'igihe cy'amezi 12 ashize n'ingufu za European.
| Igipimo | Mbere ya Hongyang (2024) | Nyuma ya Hongyang (2025) | Impinduka |
|---|---|---|---|
| Impuzandengo y'umusaruro | 7.1 t / isaha | 8.0 t/h | + 12.7% |
| Guhagarara kw'umuvuduko (urugero) | 6.5–7.8 t/h | 7.8–8.2 t/h | Guteshuka byagabanijwemo kabiri |
| PDI (impuzandengo y'ukwezi) | 89.2% | 94.6% | +5.4 ku mapaji |
| Ubuzima bwa serivisi | Amasaha agera kuri 2,500 | Amasaha >3,200 (akomeje) | + 28% byibuze |
| Igihe cyo kuruhuka kitateganijwe | ~Amasaha 18/ukwezi | ~amasaha 12/ukwezi | -33% |
| Ingufu zikoreshwa (kWh/t) | 16.8 | 15.1 | -10.1% |
Inyungu ikomeye mu mikorere ni uguhagarara neza kw'umusaruro. Hamwe n'imikoreshereze y'imyobo yabanje, ubushobozi bwo gukora bwaragabanutse cyane nyuma y'amasaha agera ku 1.200 yo gukora kuko imyobo yangirikaga, bigabanya ubushobozi bwo gukanda. Imyobo ya Hongyang yakomeje kugira imiterere y'imyobo ihoraho nyuma y'amasaha 3.000, bituma urusyo rukora gahunda y'akazi rimwe mu buryo bwizewe - bikuraho gukenera amasaha y'inyongera no kugabanya ikiguzi cy'abakozi.
Ingufu zikoreshwa zagabanutseho hafi 10%, bitewe n'igishushanyo mbonera cy'umwobo ugabanya uburyo bwo guhangana n'ingufu mu gihe cyo gukora pellet. Ku gipimo cy'amashanyarazi mu nganda za Megizike - kiri mu zindi nyinshi muri Amerika y'Epfo - ibi byasobanuye ko ari ukwizigamira ku kwezi gushoboka.
Laboratwari yo kugenzura ubuziranenge bw'uru ruganda yatangaje ko impuzandengo ya PDI yari 94.6% mu bipimo byafashwe buri kwezi, ugereranije na 89.2% mbere yaho. Ibipimo by'amande ku irembo ry'ubuhinzi byagabanutse kuva kuri 6.5% bigera munsi ya 3%, ibipimo by'ingenzi ku bikorwa byo mu cyiciro aho amande agaragaza igihombo cy'ubukungu ndetse n'ingaruka ku mikorere y'amashyo idahwitse.
5. Ibitekerezo ku bakiliya n'ingaruka mbi ku bandi
Umuyobozi mukuru w’uru ruganda yavuze ko hari intambwe eshatu zatewe mu mibare zirenze ibipimo by’imibare:
Ibibazo by’abakiriya ku birebana n’ubwiza bw’ibiryo by’inka — cyane cyane kwangirika kw’ibiryo mu buryo bwo kugaburira abahinzi — byagabanutse cyane. Uru ruganda rukorera abahinzi rukoresha utwuma two kugaburira amatungo n’utwuma two kugaburira amatungo, byombi bigatera stress ya mekanike. PDI nyinshi yatumye amande make yirunda mu byo kugaburira amatungo, bigagabanya imyanda n’abakozi bo gusukura abahinzi.
Abakiriya benshi b’inganda bagaragaje ko uburemere bw’amagi bwarushijeho kuba bwiza, bavuga ko bwatewe no kurya ibiryo mu buryo buhoraho. Nubwo uru ruganda rudagenzura ibintu bitandukanye ku rwego rw’ubuhinzi nko gutura, guhumeka, cyangwa gucunga ubuzima, isano iri hagati y’ubwiza bw’amagi n’imikorere myiza y’amashyo y’inkoko iragaragazwa neza mu nyandiko z’ubushakashatsi ku nkoko.
Itsinda ry’abashinzwe kubungabunga uruganda ryishimiye uburyo ihindagurika ry’imashini rigabanuka. Buri ihinduka ry’imashini risaba amasaha 4-6 yo gukora kugira ngo habeho gusenywa, gusukurwa no kongera gukoreshwa. Kongera igihe cy’imashini cyo gukora ku kigero cya 28% byasobanuye ko hazabaho kugabanuka guke no gukora gahunda yo kubungabunga imashini ishoboka.
6. Imiterere y'inganda: Impamvu umusaruro w'ibiryo uhoraho ari ingenzi
Mu nganda zitunganya amagi zo muri Megizike, ibiryo by’amatungo bingana na 60–70% by’ikiguzi cyose cyo gukora amagi. Kubera ko ibinyampeke bitumizwa mu mahanga ari byo bingana na bitatu bya kane by’ibikoresho fatizo kandi bikaba bishobora kubangamira ivunjisha, inganda ntizishobora kwishyura umusaruro udahagije upfusha ubusa ibicuruzwa cyangwa ukangiza ireme ry’umusaruro.
Nk’uko imibare ya Conafab ibigaragaza, inganda 623 zo muri Megizike — 230 zihujwe n’izisanzwe n’izisanzwe 393 — zikora ku kigero cya 86% by’ubushobozi bwazo bwose hamwe bwa toni miliyoni 47.4. Ingano iri hagati y’imikorere myiza n’igihombo ikunze kugenwa n’uburyo ibikoresho byizewe n’uburyo bihora bihinduka.
Ku nganda z’ubucuruzi zitanga imirima yigenga, ubwiza bwa pellet ni ikintu gitandukanya irushanwa. Abahinzi bahabwa pellets zihoraho kandi ziramba cyane bahura n’ibibazo bike byo kuziba uburyo bwo kugaburira, gutakaza ibiryo bike, no gutanga amagi menshi - byose bikomeza ubushobozi bw’abakiriya bako.
7. Umwanzuro
Ubu bushakashatsi bw'amezi 12 bwerekana ko impeta yakozwe neza ipfa - hamwe n'ibipimo byo gukanda neza, ibyuma bigezweho, n'imiterere y'imyobo myinshi - itanga impinduka zifatika mu buryo buhamye mu gukwirakwiza umusaruro, kuramba kwa pellet, no gukoresha neza ingufu kugira ngo ikoreshwe mu gutunganya ibiryo by'inyongera.
Kuri Hongyang, Jalisco installation yemeza uburyo ikigo gikoresha mu gukora imashini zikoresha ibyuma byihariye ku bakiliya. Aho gutanga ibyuma bikoresha ibyuma bikoresha ingano imwe, uburyo bwa Hongyang bwo guhitamo ingano ijyanye n'uburyo bwo gukanda no kunoza imiterere y'ibyuma bukemura ibibazo byihariye bya buri bwoko bw'ibiribwa - muri iki gihe, imiterere ya calcium nyinshi kandi itera imbaraga mu mirire y'ibiryo.
Kuva icyo gihe, uru ruganda rwashyizeho amabwiriza y’imashini zikora ku ruganda rwa kabiri rukora, kandi rurimo gusuzuma ibikoresho bya Hongyang byo gukaraba ibyuma kugira ngo rurusheho kunoza imikorere y’uru ruganda mu gice cyo gukanda.
Inkomoko n'Amabwiriza
- Ishami ry’Ibiribwa n’Ubuhinzi (FAO). Umusaruro w’Amagi yose — Megizike, 2024. Isomero rya Helgi / FAOSTAT.
- Consejo Nacional de Fabricantes de Alimentos Balanceados (Conafab). Inganda zo kugaburira muri Mexico buri mwaka, 2024–2025. Byatangajwe hakoreshejwe Ingamba zo Kugaburira.
- Unión Nacional de Avicultores (UNA). Ishyirahamwe ry’abatunganya inkoko zo muri Megizike - Umubare w’Abaturage hamwe namakuru yo gukoresha umuturage.
- Watt Global Media / Industria Avicola. Ibigo by'Amagi bya mbere muri Megizike, Urutonde rwa 2019–2020.
- Abadi n'abandi (2019). Kuramba kw'ibishyimbo n'imikorere y'inkoko z'inka: Isesengura rya meta.Ubumenyi bw'inkoko.
- Abdollahi et al. (2013). Gutera inyama z'inkoko mu mavuta: Incamake y'ibiceri by'inkoko hibandwa ku bwiza bw'inkoko n'akamaro k'indyo.Ubumenyi n'ikoranabuhanga ku biryo by'amatungo.
- Amerah et al. (2007). Ingano y'uduce tw'ibiryo: Ingaruka ku igogora n'imikorere y'inkoko.Ikinyamakuru cy'Ubumenyi bw'Inkoko ku Isi.
- Cutlip n'abandi (2008). Ingaruka z'ubwiza bw'ibiryo bya pellet ku mikorere y'inkoko z'inka.Ikinyamakuru cy'Ubushakashatsi ku Nkoko Zikoreshwa.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gicurasi-30-2026
