Incamake y'Ubuyobozi
Belarusi ni igihugu cya mbere mu karere mu buhinzi bw'inkoko. Nk’uko bigaragazwa n’akanama k’igihugu gashinzwe ibarurishamibare ka Repubulika ya Belarusi, iki gihugu cyari gifite inkoko miliyoni 54.5 kugeza muri Mutarama 2026, inkoko zikaba zari zifite 41.6% by’inyama zose zagurishijwe — zivuye kuri 40.5% mu 2024. Mu mashyirahamwe 38 y’ubuhinzi yo muri iki gihugu akora ubworozi bw’inkoko, 20 niyo yihariye mu buhinzi bw’inkoko, hamwe na hamwe hagatangwa toni 693.000 z’inyama z’inkoko buri mwaka.
Iyi nkuru ivuga ku rugendo rwo kugura uruganda rw’ubucuruzi rutunganya ibiryo by’inkoko muri Belarusi rwashakaga kuvugurura umurongo warwo wo gutekesha ibiryo hakoreshejwe uruganda rutunganya ibiryo by’inkoko. Urubanza rusuzuma uburyo uruganda rwasuzumye ikoranabuhanga ryo gukora imyobo y’inkoko, rusuzuma igihe cyo gukora ibicuruzwa by’abatanga serivisi, ndetse runagera ku bwiza buhamye bw’ibiryo by’inkoko binyuze mu bufatanye na Liyang Hongyang Feed Machinery Co., Ltd.
1. Imiterere y'ibiryo by'inkoko byo muri Belarusi: Impamvu ubwiza bw'inkoko zo mu bwoko bwa Ring Die ari ingenzi
Urwego rw'inkoko muri Belazeru rukora ku rwego rw'inganda. Perezida Alexander Lukashenko, mu kiganiro yagiranye n'inama y'igihugu yo guteza imbere inganda z'inkoko yabereye i Soligorsk mu mpera za 2024, yavuze ko umusaruro w'inyama z'inkoko mu gihugu umaze kurenza ibyifuzo by'imbere mu gihugu hafi 60%, aho inyama z'inkoko zigurishwa zigera ku nyungu ya 8.5%. Iyi nyongera ishyira Belazeru nk'igihugu cyohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga mu Muryango w'Ubukungu wa Eurasian (EAEU), ariko kandi bivuze ko inganda zitunganya ibiryo zihura n'igitutu gihoraho cyo gukomeza gukora umusaruro uhendutse kandi uhenze.
Ibiryo by’inkoko bingana na 50–60% by’ikiguzi cyo gukora inyama z’inkoko. Ku ruganda rukora toni 100.000 z’ibiryo by’inkoko buri mwaka, ndetse no kongera 1% mu kuramba kw’ibitoki - kugabanya amande n’ipfa ry’ibiryo by’inkoko - bishobora gutuma amafaranga y’ibikoresho fatizo agabanuka mu mwaka umwe.
Impeta y'impeta ni yo shingiro ry'iki kigereranyo. Ni cyo kintu gishobora gukoreshwa kigena ubwinshi bwa pellet, kuramba, umusaruro uvamo, n'ikoreshwa ry'ingufu. Impeta y'impeta ikozwe nabi ifite uburebure bw'imyobo butaringaniye, ubuso bw'imbere bugoye, cyangwa uburyo idakwirakwira neza mu buryo bungana bizatera pellets gusenyuka mu gihe cyo kuyitwara, bigatera amande menshi, kandi bigatuma moteri y'impeta ikora cyane - byose bigabanya inyungu.
Ku bijyanye n'inganda zo muri Belarusi zavuzwe hano, icyemezo cyo gushora imari mu nganda zikora pellet zifite ubuhanga buhanitse cyatewe n'imikorere itatu:
1. Umuyoboro w’amazi usanzwe ukoreshwa mu gusya, washyizweho mu myaka irenga icumi ishize, watangaga agaciro ka PDI ka 86–89% ku miterere y’inkoko z’inkoko — munsi ya 92% by’umubare w’inganda zikora ku nkoko zivanze.
2. Inshuro zo guhindura ibyuma zari zariyongereye kuva kuri buri masaha 800–1.000 y'akazi kugeza kuri buri masaha 500–600, bigaragaza ko byangiritse cyane bitewe n'ibikoresho bitari byiza n'umwobo.
3. Ingufu zakoreshejwe zari zageze kuri 48 kWh/t, bitewe no kwiyongera k'ubudahangarwa bwo gukururana mu byuma byashaje.
2. Inzira yo gutanga amasoko: Gusuzuma igihe umusaruro w'inganda zikora ibikoresho by'insinga ugeze ku rugero
Itsinda ry’abayobozi b’uru ruganda, rigizwe n’umuyobozi ushinzwe umusaruro, injeniyeri mukuru, n’umuyobozi ushinzwe amasoko, ryashyizeho urwego rw’isuzuma mbere yo kuvugana n’abatanga serivisi.
2.1 Ibipimo ngenderwaho by'isuzumabumenyi rya tekiniki
Itsinda ryagennye ibyiciro bitanu byo gusuzuma abatanga serivisi:
| Icyiciro | Uburemere | Ibipimo by'ingenzi |
|—|—|—|
| Ikoranabuhanga ryo gukora imyobo | 30% | Uburyo bwo gucukura, imiterere y'ubuso, imiterere y'imyobo |
| Uburyo bwo kuvura ibikoresho n'ubushyuhe | 25% | Ingano y'icyuma, ubukana bw'ubukonje, ubushobozi bwo kuzimya ifu |
| Ubushobozi bwo guhindura ibintu | 20% | Igipimo cyo gukanda, gutunganya imiterere y'imyobo ku bikoresho fatizo byo mu gace |
| Icyemezo n'inyandiko | 15% | Iyubahirizwa ry'amategeko ya EAEU, raporo z'ibizamini by'ibikoresho, amakarita y'ubukana |
| Inkunga nyuma yo kugurisha | 10% | Kohereza ibikoresho by'inzobere, kuboneka kw'ibice bisimbura ibindi, inkunga ya tekiniki iri kure |
2.2 Ikibazo cy'ikoranabuhanga ryo gukora imyobo
Ikibazo kimwe cy'ingenzi cyane cya tekiniki uruganda rwabazaga buri wese mu batanga ibicuruzwa ni iki: “Ni gute mucukura imyobo?”
Iki si ikibazo cyoroshye. Icupa ry'impeta ku ruganda ruciriritse kugeza runini rufite imyobo 3.000-5.000, buri mwobo ucukuwe mu mpeta y'icyuma ifite ubugari bwa mm 80-140. Ubwiza bw'iyi myobo — uburebure bwayo, imiterere yayo, n'isura yayo imbere — ni byo bigena ubwiza bwa pellet.
Abatanga ibikoresho bakoresha uburyo busanzwe bwo gucukura hifashishijwe intoki cyangwa ibikoresho byikora ku buryo busanzwe, akenshi bakora imyobo ifite ubukana bw'ubuso (Ra) buri hagati ya µm 3.2–6.3. Ibinyuranye n'ibyo, abakora ibikoresho bakoresha CNC bacukura imyobo miremire hamwe n'ibikoresho bikonjesha cyane - bakoresheje BTA (Ishyirahamwe rya Boring and Trepanning) cyangwa ibikoresho byo gucukura imbunda - bashobora kugera ku gipimo cya Ra kiri munsi ya µm 1.6, aho ubushobozi bw'imyobo bugarukira kuri ± 0.05 mm.
Itsinda ry’isuzuma ry’uruganda rwa Belarusi ryasuye abatanga serivisi babiri bashobora kuba ari bo bareba inyandiko za tekiniki z’abandi batatu. Ikintu cy’ingenzi cyagaragaye mu kongera ubwinshi bw’ibikoresho: imyobo yakozwe na CNC yagaragaje ibimenyetso by’ibikoresho bisa, bizunguruka bihuye n’ibice bimwe byagenwe; imyobo yakozwe mu buryo busanzwe yagaragaje ubuso butari bwiza, bwacitse bugaragaza ko hari ibice bipakiye kandi hari n’aho byagiye bicukurwa.
2.3 Guhitamo imashini zo kugaburira za Hongyang
Nyuma y'isuzuma ry'amezi ane, uru ruganda rwahisemo Liyang Hongyang Feed Machinery Co., Ltd. nk'uruganda rutanga uruganda rwa pellet. Umwanzuro wafashwe ushingiye ku bintu bitatu byagaragajwe:
- Ikoreshwa rya Hongyang ry’imashini zicukura imyobo miremire ya CNC zifite umuvuduko mwinshi wo gutanga ibikoresho bikonjesha, bigatuma ubuso bw’imyobo burushaho kuba bwiza kurusha ubw’abatanga ibicuruzwa bahanganye ku giciro kingana n’icyo.
- Ubushake bw'ikigo bwo gutanga ibyemezo birambuye by'ibikoresho (raporo z'ibizamini by'icyuma) n'amakarita yo gukwirakwiza ubukana kuri buri dirigi - inyandiko igaragaza ko itsinda rishinzwe kugenzura ubuziranenge bw'uruganda rishobora kwemeza amabwiriza ya tekiniki ya EAEU TR CU 010/2011.
- Uburyo bwo gukora imashini mbere yo kugurisha: mu byumweru bibiri nyuma yo kubona imiterere y'ibikoresho fatizo by'uruganda (ingano na sayiri byo mu gace bivanze n'ifu ya soya itumizwa mu mahanga, ubushuhe busanzwe buri hagati ya 13–15%), itsinda ry'abatekinisiye rya Hongyang ryatanze igitekerezo cy'uko igipimo cyo gukanda cya 1:9 ku ifu itangira inyama z'inkoko na 1:10 ku ifu irangiza, byemejwe n'amakuru yavuye mu bikoresho bisa.
3. Imiterere n'imitangire y'ibikoresho
Uruganda rwategetse igice cyuzuye cyo gukurura pellet cyubatswe hafi y’uruganda rumwe rwa SZLH420 ring die pellet (moteri nkuru ya 110 kW, ikoresha vitesi). Muri urwo ruganda harimo:
- Impeta ebyiri z'icyuma kidafunze (X46Cr13 / 4Cr13 grade): imwe ifite umurambararo wa mm 3.0 n'igipimo cya 1:9 cyo gukanda ku nyama z'inkoko, n'indi ifite utwobo twa mm 3.5 n'igipimo cya 1:10 cyo gukanda ku nyama z'inkoko.
- Itsinda rimwe ry'imashini zifunga neza zifite ibyuma bifunga.
- Igikoresho cyo kuvura gifite ibyiciro bibiri gifite igihe cyo kubika amasegonda 150–180, cyagenewe kugera ku gipimo cya gelatinization kiri hejuru ya 30% ku muvuduko wa 10 t / isaha.
- Igikoresho gikonjesha amazi (model ya SKLN6) n'icyuma gipima amazi gikoresha ikoranabuhanga rizenguruka.
Ibikoresho byoherejwe i Minsk binyuze muri Shinwa-Uburayi Railway Express, hamwe n’ibipfunyika birwanya ingese n’amasanduku adapfa gushya byateganijwe ku rugendo rwa gari ya moshi rwa kilometero 7.500. Gushyiramo byarangiye mu byumweru bitanu n’itsinda rihuriweho n’injeniyeri za Hongyang n’abakozi bashinzwe kubungabunga uruganda, maze muri Gashyantare 2025 hatangira gukoreshwa.
Amakuru yo kohereza yahuye n'ibipimo by'imiterere ku ikorwa rya mbere:
- Umuvuduko: 10.3 t/h kuri moteri ifite umutwaro wa 92% (igipimo: 10–12 t/h)
- Ubushyuhe bwo gusohora icyuma gikonjesha: 86–89 °C
- Igipimo cy'ubudahangarwa bw'ibishyimbo (PDI): 95.4% ku ifuru y'inkoko zitangira
- Ingufu zikoreshwa ku buryo bwihariye: 41.8 kWh/t
4. Ibisubizo by'imikorere: Amezi atandatu y'amakuru y'umusaruro
Nyuma y'amezi atandatu y'umusaruro uhoraho (Werurwe-Kanama 2025), amateka y'ubuziranenge bw'uru ruganda yagaragaje:
| Igipimo | Umurongo w'Indashyikirwa (Mbere yo Kuvugurura) | Umurongo Mushya wa Hongyang | Iterambere |
|—|—|—|—|
| PDI isanzwe (intangiriro y'inyama z'inka) | 87.5% | 95.8% | +8.3 ku ijana |
| PDI isanzwe (imashini itunganya inyama z'inka) | 88.2% | 96.1% | +7.9 ku ijana |
| Ingufu zihariye (kWh/t) | 48.2 | 41.6 | -13.7% |
| Igihe cyo gukora (amasaha) | 550–620 | 950+ (bikomeje) | +55%+ |
| Igipimo cy'amande (% y'ibyavuye mu isuzuma) | 8.1% | 3.2% | -60.5% |
| Igipimo cyo gukora pellet | 90.3% | ≥96% | +5.7 ku ijana |
Kugabanuka kw'igipimo cyo kugaruza amande gusa — kuva kuri 8.1% kugeza kuri 3.2% — byasobanuye ko kuri buri toni 100 z'ibinyampeke byatunganyijwe, uru ruganda rwagaruje hafi toni 5 z'inkoko zishobora kugurishwa aho kuzisubiza mu buryo bwo kuzitunganya. Ku giciro cy'ibiribwa by'inkoko bigurishwa ku giciro cy'umusaruro wa buri mwaka wa toni zigera ku 60.000 z'ibiryo by'inkoko, iri terambere ryagaragaje uruhare runini mu mikorere y'uru ruganda.
4.1 Ingaruka z'ubwiza bw'ibiryo ku mikorere y'inkoko z'inka
Imikorere y’uru ruganda rw’inkoko z’inkoko yagaragaje ingaruka zishobora gupimwa mu buryo bufatika:
- Igipimo cyo guhindura ibiryo (FCR) cyazamutse kiva kuri 1.72 kigera kuri 1.66 mu gihe cy'ibyiciro bitandatu by'ikura, inzobere mu mirire yavuze ko kugabanuka kw'ibiryo byagabanutse ndetse no kuvugurura imiterere y'ibiryo.
- Uburemere bw'inyoni mu gihe cyo kuzibaga bwariyongereye, aho uburemere bw'umubiri bugabanuka kuva kuri 10.5% kugeza kuri 8.3%, hakurikijwe uburyo bwo kurya buri gihe.
- Gusesagura ibiryo mu byuma bitanga amafunguro byagabanutse ku buryo bugaragara; ibyagaragaye aho byagaragaye byagaragaje ko ibiryo byakwirakwiriye ku kigero cya 30% ugereranije n'igihe cyabanjirije ivugurura.
5. Icyo "Ikoranabuhanga ryo Gukora Umwobo Ukuze" risobanura mu bikorwa
Ubunararibonye bw'uruganda rwo muri Belarusi bugaragaza uko inganda zikora ibikoresho by'impeta zikuze zisa mu buryo bw'imikorere, uretse ibipimo bya tekiniki biri ku rupapuro rw'amakuru.
5.1 Guhuza hagati y'amasasu
Ubwo uru ruganda rwategekaga ko uru ruganda rwarwo rwa mbere rusimbura uru ruganda muri Kanama 2025, itsinda rishinzwe kugenzura ubuziranenge ryagereranije uru ruganda rushya n'uru ruganda rwa mbere rwatangiye gukoresha uburyo bumwe bwo gutangiza uru ruganda n'imashini. Itandukaniro rya PDI hagati y'uru ruganda rwari ku kigero cya 0.3 ku ijana - mu buryo butari bwemewe bwo gupima - byemeza ko inzira ya Hongyang yo gukora ishobora gusubirwamo ku gipimo cy'umusaruro.
5.2 Imiterere y'imyambarire iteganyijwe
Imashini ya mbere yakoreshejwe, nyuma y'amasaha arenga 950 yo gukora, yagaragaje ubusaza bungana ku mwenge wose, aho uburebure ntarengwa bw'umurambararo bwapimwe kuri 0.12 mm mu gice cyo hagati na 0.09 mm ku nkengero. Ubu buryo bumwe - bwavuye mu gukomera kw'ibikoresho bihoraho byabonetse binyuze mu kuzimya imashini - bwatumye imashini ishobora gukoreshwa mu gikorwa cyuzuye aho guhindurwa imburagihe bitewe n'isaranganya ry'aho hantu.
5.3 Inyandiko ushobora kwishingikirizaho
Kuri buri disi yatanzwe, Hongyang yatanze:
- Icyemezo cy'ibikoresho cyavuye mu ruganda rw'icyuma cyemeza urwego rwa X46Cr13 n'imiterere yabyo.
- Ikarita yerekana uburyo imbaraga zikwirakwizwa yerekana uburyo imbaraga za Rockwell (HRC) zipima ku manota 12 ku ruhande rw'inyuma rw'urukuta. Isuzuma ry'igenzura ry'uruganda bwite ryemeje ko ibipimo biri muri ± 1 HRC y'agaciro k'uruganda rwatanze raporo.
- Raporo z'igenzura ry'ibipimo by'umurambararo w'umwobo, ubugari, n'imiterere y'umwobo.
Iyi nyandiko ntiyari iy’umuhango gusa. Yafashije itsinda ry’uruganda kugenzura ubuziranenge kugaragaza ko ryujuje amabwiriza ya tekiniki ya EAEU mu igenzura ryari riteganyijwe ryakozwe na Komite ya Leta ya Belarusi ishinzwe kugenzura ubuziranenge muri Kamena 2025.
6. Uko Umutanga serivisi Abona: Uburyo Hongyang Yakoreshaga mu Kureba Amasoko ya EAEU
Ku ruhande rw'abatanga serivisi, ubufatanye bwa Hongyang Feed Machinery n'isoko rya Belarusi bugaragaza uburyo bwagutse bwo gukorera abakiriya ba EAEU. Iyi sosiyete, yashinzwe mu 2006 i Liyang, mu Ntara ya Jiangsu - ikigo cyemewe mu Bushinwa cyo gukora imashini zitanga ibiryo - yohereje ibikoresho mu bihugu birenga 15, birimo Uburusiya, Viyetinamu, Filipine, Indoneziya, Pakisitani, Misiri na Senegali.
Ku bijyanye n'amasoko ya EAEU by'umwihariko, Hongyang yateje imbere:
- Ipaki y'inyandiko za tekiniki ijyanye na TR CU 010/2011 (umutekano w'imashini) na TR CU 004/2011 (umutekano w'ibikoresho bifite voltage nkeya).
- Ubunararibonye mu gutanga icyemezo cya GOST-B, harimo n'inyandiko z'itangazo rya EAC na pasiporo za tekiniki mu Kirusiya cyangwa Icyongereza.
- Ubushobozi bwo gutwara ibintu mu modoka za gari ya moshi zo mu Bushinwa hagati y’Uburayi, hamwe n’ibikoresho byateguwe mu gihe cy’ubushyuhe bukabije n’uburyo bwo gutwara gari ya moshi mu bihugu bitandukanye.
- Uburyo bwo gukora nyuma yo kugurisha buhuza imashini zitwara amashanyarazi aho zikorera (ubusanzwe mu minsi 15 y'akazi ku bantu basura EAEU) hamwe n'ubufasha bwo kure binyuze mu guhamagara no kohereza ubutumwa bwihuse.
Ku ruganda rwo muri Belarusi, ibi bivuze ko igihe havukaga ikibazo gito cy’ihindagurika ry’umuvuduko w’umwuka mu kwezi kwa gatatu k’umurimo, itsinda ry’abahanga rya Hongyang ryagaragaje impamvu nyamukuru - umutego wo gushonga w’amazi wari munsi y’icyuma gikonjesha cyari gito cyane ku mutwe w’uruganda - mu gihe cy’isaha imwe nyuma yo kwakira ubutumwa bwa WhatsApp bw’uruganda n’urutonde rw’umuvuduko w’umwuka.
7. Umwanzuro
Ubunararibonye bw'uruganda rw'inka zo muri Belarusi mu kugura ibiryo by'inka bugaragaza ko ikoranabuhanga ryo gukora imyobo y'inka atari ikintu cy'ingenzi mu gukora - ni ryo kintu cy'ingenzi kigena ubwiza bw'inka zo mu bwoko bwa pellet, imikorere myiza y'ingufu, n'igihe cyo kuzikoresha mu gutunganya ibiryo by'inka mu bucuruzi.
Ibintu bitatu byagize uruhare mu gutuma umusaruro ugera ku ntego:
- Isuzuma ry’abatanga ibicuruzwa mu buryo bunoze ryashyize imbere ubuziranenge bw’inganda bupimye - irangi ry’ubuso bw’imyobo, ubukana bw’ubukonje, n’inyandiko - kuruta ibyavuzwe mu kwamamaza.
- Umucuruzi, Hongyang Feed Machinery, washoye ishoramari mu gucukura umwobo muremure wa CNC, gutunganya ubushyuhe mu buryo bw'umwuka, no gushushanya icyuma gikoreshwa mu buryo bwihariye, byahinduye ireme rihoraho kandi rishobora gusubiramo ku gipimo cy'umusaruro.
- Uburyo bwo gukoresha ibikoresho bwafataga ibikoresho nk'uburyo bwo gukurura imashini aho kuba imashini zikora ku giti cyazo, igihe cyo kubika icyuma gikonjesha n'uburyo bwo kubika ibyuma bihuye n'imiterere y'ibikoresho fatizo by'uruganda.
Ku nganda zitunganya ibiryo muri Belarusi no mu karere ka EAEU, isomo rirasobanutse: mu gihe usuzuma uruganda rutunganya ibiryo by'inganda, saba kureba imyobo. Baza uko byacukuwe, uburyo ubwiza bwabyo bwemezwa, kandi niba umutanga serivisi ashobora gutanga ubwiza bumwe ku nganda za cumi nk'ubwa mbere. Ibisubizo bizakubwira byinshi ku bwiza bwa ibiryo by'inganda kurusha agatabo kose.
Amareferensi
1. Komite y'Igihugu Ishinzwe Ibarurishamibare ya Repubulika ya Belarusi. “Umubare w'ubworozi bw'amatungo n'inkoko n'ubworozi mu bworozi bw'ubwoko bwose mu 2025.” Belstat, 2026.
2. Minisiteri y'Ubuhinzi n'Ibiribwa ya Repubulika ya Belarusi. Iteganyagihe ry'umusaruro w'amatungo mu 2024. Byatangajwe na BELTA, Gashyantare 2024.
3. Perezida wa Repubulika ya Belarusi. Inama y'igihugu ishinzwe iterambere ry'inganda z'inkoko, Soligorsk, Ukwakira 2024. Byatangajwe na BelTA.
4. Amabwiriza ya tekiniki ya EAEU: TR CU 010/2011 (umutekano w'imashini), TR CU 004/2011 (umutekano w'ibikoresho bifite voltage nkeya).
5. Liyang Hongyang Feed Machinery Co., Ltd. Inyandiko z'ikoranabuhanga ry'ibicuruzwa n'ibipimo byo kugenzura ubuziranenge bw'impeta.
6. Amerah, AM, n'abandi. “Ingano y'uduce tw'ibiryo: Ingaruka ku igogora n'imikorere y'inkoko.” Ikinyamakuru World's Poultry Science Journal, 63 (3), 2007.
7. Thomas, M., n'abandi. “Ubwiza bw'ibiryo by'amatungo byashyizwe mu macupa.” Ubumenyi n'Ikoranabuhanga by'Ibiryo by'amatungo, 70 (3), 1998.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gicurasi-27-2026
