Incamake
Belarusi, nk'umunyamuryango w'Umuryango w'Ubukungu wa Eurasian (EAEU), ikomeje kuvugurura ubushobozi bwayo bwo gukora ibiryo by'inkoko. Ikiguzi cyo gukora ibiryo by'inkoko kigera kuri 50-60% by'ikiguzi cyose cy'ibikomoka ku matungo, bigatuma ikoranabuhanga rikora neza ryo guteka ibiryo biba ingenzi mu by'ingenzi. Iyi nkuru isuzuma imiterere ya tekiniki y'inganda zikora ibiryo by'inkoko zikoreshwa mu kugaburira inyama z'inkoko, hibandwa ku buryo bwo gucukura imyobo neza n'ingaruka zabyo ku kuramba kwabyo. Irasuzuma kandi uburyo abakora ibiryo by'inkoko bidasanzwe—byagaragajwe na Liyang Hongyang Feed Machinery Co., Ltd—byemeza ibisabwa mu rwego rwa tekiniki n'ibyemezo ku isoko rya Belarusi.
1. Amavu n'amavuko y'inganda: Belarusi n'isoko ry'imashini zitanga ibiryo bya EAEU
Belarusi itumiza mu mahanga igice kinini cy’imashini zayo z’ubuhinzi, harimo n’ibikoresho byo gutunganya ibiryo by’amatungo. Mu myaka ya vuba aha, imashini zagiye ziza mu byiciro bitatu bya mbere bitumiza mu mahanga, nyuma y’ibikoresho byo gutwara peteroli n’ibikomoka kuri peteroli. Mu rwego rwa EAEU, Belarusi ikoresha umusoro ku misoro ya gasutamo, kandi imashini zitumizwa mu Bushinwa zishobora kungukirwa n’imisoro yihariye hakurikijwe amasezerano y’ubufatanye hagati y’Ubushinwa n’Ubumwe bw’Ubukungu bwa Eurasian, mu gihe hashyizweho kode nyayo ya HS (isanzwe ari 8436.10 ku mashini zitunganya ibiryo by’amatungo) n’icyemezo cy’aho zikomoka (Ifishi E).
Ku bakora uruganda rwo muri Belarusi rutunganya ibiryo, guhitamo uruganda rutunganya ibiryo by'inyongera si icyemezo cyo kugura gusa—ni igikorwa cy'igihe kirekire. Uru ruganda rutunganya ibiryo by'inyongera, nk'igice cy'ingenzi cy'ingufu, rugena mu buryo butaziguye ubwiza bwa ru ruganda, ingufu rukoresha, n'inshuro zo kurubungabunga.
2. Ubwiza bw'ibiryo by'inkoko: Ibipimo bya tekiniki n'ibipimo
2.1 Igipimo cy'ubudahangarwa bw'ibinure (PDI)
Ubwiza bw'ibiceri mu musaruro w'inkoko z'inkoko bupimwa hakurikijwe imibare hakoreshejwe Pellet Durability Index (PDI), ipima ijanisha ry'ibiceri bisigaye byose nyuma yo gupimwa ku buryo busanzwe. Uburyo bukorwa ni ubu bukurikira:
1. Icyitegererezo cy'udupira dukonje gishyirwa mu kato kugira ngo gikureho amande asanzwe; uburemere bwa mbere y'isuka bufatwa nka $W_{\text{before}}$.
2. Icyitegererezo gishyirwa mu gikoresho gipima (urugero: Pfost cyangwa Holmen) mu gihe runaka.
3. Nyuma yo kugwa, icyitegererezo cyongera gushyirwamo urushundura; uduce duto duto dupimwa ($W_{\text{after}}$).
PDI (%) = \frac{W_{after}}{W_{before}} \inshuro 100
Ku byo kurya inyama z'inkoko, PDI iri hagati ya ≥ 90–95% ifatwa nk'iyemewe ku bucuruzi. Agaciro ka PDI gakomeye gafitanye isano no kurya neza, kongera ibiro, no kugabanya igipimo cyo guhindura ibiryo (FCR).
2.2 Uruhare rw'Itegurwa n'Itunganywa ry'Ibikorwa
Ubuvanganzo bw'ikoranabuhanga bugaragaza ko gukora no gusya bigira hafi 60% by'ubwiza bwa pellet, mu gihe uburyo bwo guterura ubwabwo bugira 40% bisigaye muri gahunda yo guterura pellet, ibintu bitatu bishobora kugenzurwa n'imashini:
- Gutunganya: Ubushyuhe bw'umwuka n'igihe cyo kubika ibiryo bituma habaho gelatinization y'ibishyimbo by'inkoko, ari na yo nzira y'ingenzi yo gufatanya ibiryo by'inkoko.
- Ibipimo by'icyuma: Igipimo cyo gukanda, umurambararo w'umwobo, n'irangira ry'ubuso bigena ubucucike bwa pellet na PDI.
- Gukonjesha: Gukonjesha bidahagije bituma uduce duto ducika intege, bigatuma uduce duto ducika nyuma yo gukonjesha.
3. Ikoranabuhanga ryo gukora umwobo w'impeta: Ishingiro ry'ubwiza bwa pellet
3.1 Ibipimo by'igishushanyo mbonera cy'impeta z'ibiryo by'inka
| Igipimo | Ingano isanzwe y'ibiryo by'inkoko | Impamvu za tekiniki |
|————–|—————————-|———————|
| Umwanya w'umwobo | mm 2.5–4.0 | Ingano y'umunwa n'imikorere y'inkoko zo mu bwoko bwa "gizzard" |
| Igipimo cyo gukanda (L/D) | 1:4 kugeza 1:11 | Ipima ubucucike bw'amacupa n'ikoreshwa ry'ingufu |
| Ubukana bw'intego | HRC 54–60 (ubuvuzi nyuma yo gushyuha) | Irinda kwangirika nta busharire |
| Igipimo cy'ibikoresho | X46Cr13 / 4Cr13 cyangwa 20MnCr5 / 20CrMnTi | Icyuma gikozwe muri chromium nyinshi cyangwa cy'umuringa gikoreshwa mu kwangirika no kudashira |
3.2 Uburyo bwo gukora no gutunganya neza ibyuho
Gukora imashini ikora neza cyane bikurikiza gahunda y’ibikorwa bikurikirana, aho gucukura imyobo miremire ari cyo cyiciro gisaba imbaraga nyinshi mu buhanga.
1. Guhitamo ibikoresho no gucura: Uduti tw'icyuma dufite ifu ihanitse cyane dushyirwa mu duti tw'impeta. Gucura binoza imiterere y'ibinyampeke kandi bikongera ubukana, ibyo bikaba ari ingenzi cyane mu kwihanganira imitwaro ikabije mu gihe cyo gucukura.
2. Guhindura ibintu mu buryo bugoye no kurangiza: Imashini zikora imashini zikoresha ibyuma bya CNC zikora imashini zikora imashini kugeza ku gipimo cy’imbere n’inyuma cy’umurambararo nyawo.
3. Gutegura mbere yo gucukura: Icupa riri hagati, kandi ibikoresho by'inyongera (imyobo yo gushyiramo, inzira z'ingenzi) birakorwa.
4. Gucukura mu mwobo munini (inzira y'ibanze): Imyobo ibihumbi n'ibihumbi iracukurwa mu ruziga runini. Inganda zigezweho zikoresha imashini zo gucukura mu mwobo munini za CNC zikoresha BTA cyangwa ibikoresho byo gucukura imbunda. Ubu buryo butanga icyuma gikonjesha gishyushye cyane mu gice cyo gucukura kugira ngo gisukure ibice bito buri gihe, bigamije gutuma imyobo igororotse kandi imbere habe heza.
5. Gucukura imiyoboro y'amazi (gucukura imiyoboro y'amazi): Umwinjiriro wa buri mwobo wagutse ukagira icyuho cy'inyuma cyangwa intera. Ibi bigabanya gukururana no gukandagirana, bigatuma ibiryo by'inka zoroshye bisohoka neza kandi bikongera igihe cyo gukora imiyoboro y'amazi.
6. Gutunganya ubushyuhe: Icupa ry'icyuma rihinduka ubushyuhe, rigashyirwa mu buryo busanzwe, rigashyirwa mu buryo busanzwe, kandi rigashyirwa mu buryo busanzwe. Gushyira mu buryo busanzwe ni ingenzi cyane ku icupa ry'icyuma kidafunze kugira ngo hirindwe ko ryangirika kandi rikomeze kugira ubuso bw'imbere busukuye. Intego ni ubukana bumwe bwa HRC 54–60 hamwe no kugorama guke.
7. Gutunganya no gusiga irangi rya nyuma: Nyuma yo gushyushya, ibara ry'icyuma n'isura birarangira. Gusiga irangi rya CNC ku mabara ahangana n'irirangi bigabanya cyane uburyaryate.
8. Kugenzura ubuziranenge: Buri disiki irasuzumwa kugira ngo harebwe niba ifite imiterere ihamye, ubukana bungana, ndetse n'uko ubuso bwayo bumeze mbere yo gupakira.
3.3 Ingaruka z'Ubwinshi bw'Umwobo kuri PDI
Umwobo ugoye cyangwa ufite imyobo wongera ubukana hagati y’aho ibiryo bishyirwa n’urukuta rw’aho bishyirwa, bigatera:
- Ingufu nyinshi zikoreshwa (kWh/toni)
- Kongera umusaruro mwiza mu gihe cyo gutera pellet
- Ubucucike bw'udupira duto
Ku rundi ruhande, umwobo woroshye kandi wacukuwe neza ugabanya ubushyuhe butera gushwanyagurika, ukongera irekurwa ry’udupira, kandi ugatera PDI nyinshi. Ku nganda zo muri Belarusi zikora ahantu hakonje cyane, PDI nyinshi ni ingenzi cyane kuko udupira tugomba kwihanganira ubwiyongere bw’uburyo bwo gutwara no gutwara ibintu tudacitse cyane.
4. Isanduku y'Uruganda: Uburyo bwa tekiniki na serivisi by'imashini zigaburira za Hongyang
Liyang Hongyang Feed Machinery Co., Ltd. (izwi nka "Hongyang") yashinzwe mu 2006, ikaba yihariye mu bushakashatsi no guteza imbere no gukora ibyuma bito, ibyuma bito, ibyuma bito, ibyuma bito, n'ibindi. Bitandukanye n'abatanga imashini zikoreshwa muri rusange, ubushobozi bw'ibanze bwa Hongyang buri mu gukora ibyuma bito bito n'ibito bito bikoreshwa mu buryo butandukanye, harimo ibiryo by'inkoko n'amatungo, ibiryo byo mu mazi, ibiryo by'amatungo, n'ibiryo by'ibimera.
4.1 Ubushobozi bwa tekiniki bujyanye n'isoko rya Belarusi
- Gutunganya ibikoresho no gushyushya: Hongyang ikoresha icyuma kitagira umugese cyo mu rwego rwo hejuru (urugero, X46Cr13) kandi ikoresha icyuma gifunga umwuka kugira ngo igire ubukana bumwe kandi ikomeze igihe kirekire. Ku bakiriya bo muri Belarusi, ibi bituma habaho impinduka nke mu gihe cy'umusaruro ndetse n'ubwiza bwa pellet buhoraho.
- Gucukura imyobo miremire ya CNC: Isosiyete ikoresha imashini zicukura impeta za CNC zishobora gukora imyobo yoroshye kandi ishyizwe ahantu nyaho. Ubu bushobozi bushyigikira mu buryo butaziguye ibisabwa na PDI mu miterere igezweho y’ibiryo by’inka.
- Guhindura: Imiterere ya Hongyang ipfana n'ibipimo byihariye byo gukanda n'imiterere y'imyobo ijyanye n'imiterere y'ibikoresho fatizo by'umukiriya. Ku nganda zitunganya ibiryo za Belarusi zikunze gukoresha uruvange rw'ibinyampeke byo mu gace runaka (ingano, sayiri) n'ifu ya soya itumizwa mu mahanga, uku guhindura ni ingenzi cyane mu rwego rwa tekiniki.
- Inyandiko z'ubuziranenge: Buri diye ihabwa raporo z'ibizamini by'ibikoresho n'ubukana, byorohereza umukiriya kubahiriza amabwiriza ya tekiniki ya EAEU (TR CU 010/2011 ku mutekano wa mekanike, TR CU 004/2011 ku mutekano w'amashanyarazi).
4.2 Ubunararibonye mu Kohereza mu mahanga n'Ihinduka ry'Isoko rya EAEU
Ibikoresho bya Hongyang byoherejwe mu Burusiya, Viyetinamu, Filipine, Indoneziya, Tayilande, Maleziya, Bangladesh, Ubuhinde, Pakisitani, Siriya, Irani, Misiri, Omani na Senegali. Uku gukwirakwira kw'uturere bigaragaza ubushobozi bw'ikigo mu gucunga ibikoresho mpuzamahanga, inyandiko, n'ibisabwa bitandukanye mu gutanga impamyabumenyi.
By'umwihariko ku isoko rya Belarusi, ibi bikurikira ni ingenzi:
- Inkunga y'impamyabumenyi: Hongyang itanga inyandiko za tekiniki zishyigikira ubusabe bw'umukiriya bwo guhabwa icyemezo cya GOST-B (ikimenyetso cya EAEU gisabwa mu gutumiza imashini).
- Ibikoresho: Ibikoresho biremereye nka ring die pellet mills bikunze koherezwa binyuze muri gari ya moshi irimo kontineri hakoreshejwe terefone ya gari ya moshi ya China-Europe, Minsk ikaba ari yo ikoreshwa cyane. Hongyang ifite uburambe mu gutegura ibikoresho byo gutwara gari ya moshi kure, harimo no gupakira no gufunga ibintu bidakonjesha.
- Serivisi nyuma yo kugurisha: Hongyang yohereza injeniyeri mu gushyirisha, gutanga serivisi, no guhugura abakoresha. Ku bakiriya bo muri Belarusi, ubu buryo bwa serivisi bugabanya ibyago bijyana no gutumiza imashini zihariye mu mahanga.
4.3 Imiterere y'ibikoresho bihagarariye
Nubwo amakuru yihariye ku bakiriya bo muri Belarusi atatangazwa ku mugaragaro, imiterere isanzwe y'uruganda rw'ibiryo by'inka rwo muri Belarusi rushaka gukora toni 5–10 ku isaha z'ibiryo by'inka ishobora kuba ikubiyemo:
- Imashini imwe ya SZLH420 cyangwa SZLH508 ifite icyuma gipima neza cyane hamwe n'icyuma gipima icyuma kidashonga (umurambararo w'umwobo ni mm 3.0–3.5, igipimo cyo gukanda gihuye n'uburyo bwo gupima aho ikoreshwa).
- Ibikoresho bishyigikira: uruganda rw'inyundo, uruvange rw'ingufu, ibikoresho bikonjesha, icyuma gikonjesha gikonjesha, n'urusenda ruzunguruka.
- Umusaruro witezwe: umusaruro uhamye ku bushobozi bw'inyongera, PDI ≥ 92%, n'igihe cy'ubuzima gihwanye n'ibipimo mpuzamahanga biri hagati na hagati.
5. Ikiganiro: Gusuzuma Ubwiza bw'Impeta ku Nganda zitunganya ibiryo za Belarusi
Mu gihe cyo gusuzuma uruganda rukora pellet cyangwa uruziga rusimbura uruganda, abayobozi b'uruganda rutunganya ibiryo muri Belarusi bagomba gusuzuma ibintu bikurikira bya tekiniki n'ubucuruzi:
1. Garagaza ibisobanuro birambuye ku bikoresho fatizo: Ha umutanga formula ihagarariye (urutonde rw'ibikubiye mu bikoresho, ingano y'uduce duto) kugira ngo igipimo cyo gukanda n'imiterere y'umwobo bishobore gutegurwa neza.
2. Saba icyemezo cy'ibikoresho: Saba raporo z'ibizamini by'inganda n'amakarita y'ubukomere. Umucuruzi wemewe azabitanga nta gushidikanya.
3. Kugenzura uburyo bwo gucukura imyobo: Gucukura imyobo miremire ya CNC hakoreshejwe icyuma gikonjesha gifite umuvuduko mwinshi ni cyo gipimo ngenderwaho cy’inganda. Gucukura imbunda cyangwa gucukura BTA bigomba kwemezwa neza.
4. Reba inyandiko z'amategeko agenga EAEU: Menya neza ko umutanga serivisi ashobora gutanga umushinga w'itangazo rya EAC na pasiporo y'ikoranabuhanga mu Kirusiya cyangwa Icyongereza.
5. Gusuzuma uburyo ibikoresho byifashishwa nyuma yo kugurisha: Kuri Belarusi, igihe cyo gutanga ibikoresho bisimbura ibindi no kubona ubufasha bwa tekiniki buri kure ni ibintu by'ingenzi mu mikorere.
6. Umwanzuro
Kugura uruganda rukora ibiryo by'inkoko muri Belarusiya ni icyemezo gikomeye mu rwego rwa tekiniki no mu bucuruzi. Uburyo bwo gucukura neza ibiryo by'inkoko ni ingenzi mu gutuma ibiryo biramba (PDI) kandi, mu buryo bwagutse, imikorere y'ibiryo by'inkoko n'uburyo ibiryo bikura neza. Abakora ibiryo bivanze n'ibiryo bicukura mu mwobo wimbitse wa CNC, uburyo bugenzurwa mu bushyuhe, no guhindura uburyo bikoreshwa mu buryo bwihariye—nk'urugero nka Liyang Hongyang Feed Machinery Co., Ltd.—bafite umwanya mwiza wo guhaza ibyifuzo by'isoko rya Belarusiya bihora bihinduka.
Ku batunganya ibiryo byo muri Belarusi, inzira yo kugera ku macupa yo kugaburira inyama z'inka meza itangirana n'isuzuma rikomeye rya tekiniki ry'umugozi w'impeta. Mu kwibanda ku bipimo bipimwa—impeta y'ubuso bw'umwobo, ukuri kw'igipimo cyo gukanda, icyemezo cy'ibikoresho, n'ubushobozi bw'umutanga nyuma yo kugurisha—inganda zishobora gufata ibyemezo byo kugura ibintu bitanga inyungu ifatika mu bwiza bw'amacupa no mu buryo bwizewe.
Amareferensi
1. Amabwiriza ya tekinike ya EAEU (TR CU 010/2011, TR CU 004/2011, TR CU 020/2011, TR EEU 048/2019).
2. Amasezerano y'Ubukungu n'Ubucuruzi hagati y'Ubushinwa n'Ubumwe bw'Ubukungu bwa Eurasian (ingingo z'imisoro ishingiye ku nyungu z'igihugu).
3. Uburyo bwo gupima Pellet Durability Index (PDI) (uburyo bwa Pfost na Holmen tester).
4. Ubuvanganzo bwa tekiniki mu gukora ibyuma bicukura imigozi: Gucukura umwobo munini wa CNC, BTA no gukoresha mu gucukura imbunda mu mashini zitanga ibiribwa.
5. Inyandiko za tekiniki z'ikigo cya Liyang Hongyang Feed Machinery Co., Ltd. n'ibisobanuro by'ibicuruzwa.
6. Kode ya HS 8436.10 – Imashini zikoreshwa mu nganda zitunganya ibiryo cyangwa ibinyobwa (ishyirwa mu byiciro ry’imashini zitunganya ibiryo).
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Igihe cyo kohereza: Gicurasi-27-2026
