Incamake y'Ubuyobozi
Esipanye si yo ruganda rukora ingurube nyinshi mu Muryango w’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi gusa, ahubwo ni n’uruganda rukora ibiryo by’ingurube rwa mbere rutanga toni miliyoni 38.8 z’ibiryo by’ingurube mu 2024, muri byo ibiryo by’ingurube byari 46.87%, cyangwa toni miliyoni 18.2. Muri uru rwego rufite ingano nini kandi rwita ku bwiza, uruganda rutunganya ibiryo by’ingurube rwo mu gace ka Aragon rwashatse gusimbuza umurongo ushaje wo gutera ibiryo by’ingurube watangaga kuramba kw’ibiryo by’ingurube kandi uhangana n’uburyo umusaruro uhindagurika. Uruganda rwahisemo uruganda rwa Hongyang Feed Machinery rwa SZLH420 ring die pellet rufatanye n’urundi ruganda rwa HYPM ring rwakozwe mu buryo bwihariye. Amezi cumi n’umunani rumaze rukora, uru ruganda rwatanze igipimo cy’ubudahangarwa bw’ibiryo by’ingurube (PDI) buri gihe kiri hejuru ya 92%, umusaruro w’ibiryo by’abahinzi uri hagati ya toni 9-10 ku isaha (TPH), kandi rwagaragaje iterambere mu guhindura ibiryo by’ingurube mu bigo by’ingurube bifatanyije. Uru rubanza rugaragaza uburyo ikoranabuhanga ry’ibiryo by’ingurube, guhuza neza igipimo cyo gukanda, no gushyigikira nyuma yo kugurisha bishobora gutanga umusaruro ufatika ku isoko ry’ibiryo by’i Burayi rikuze kandi rihanganye.
1. Ibikubiye muri iyi nkuru: Inganda zo kugaburira ingurube muri Esipanye mu buryo bw'incamake
Gusobanukirwa impamvu iri vugurura rifite akamaro bisaba kureba muri make aho Esipanye iherereye mu musaruro w’ingurube n’ibiryo by’amatungo ku isi. Nk’uko Minisiteri y’Ubuhinzi, Uburobyi n’Ibiribwa ya Esipanye (MAPA) ibigaragaza, Esipanye yishe ingurube miliyoni 53.88 mu 2024 - ukwiyongera kwa 1.5% ugereranyije n’umwaka - aho Catalonia (ingurube miliyoni 22.4), Aragon (ingurube miliyoni 11.3), na Castile na Leon (ingurube miliyoni 6.2) byose hamwe bingana na 72% by’umusaruro w’igihugu. Esipanye kandi ni yo ya kabiri ku isi mu kohereza ingurube nyinshi inyuma ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, yohereza toni 687.000 mu gihembwe cya mbere cya 2025 gusa.
Ku ruhande rw'ibiryo, umusaruro w'ibiryo bya Espagne bya toni miliyoni 38.8 mu 2024 wiyongereyeho 1.5% ugereranyije na 2023, mu gihe umubare w'ibiryo byagabanutseho 0.4% mu muryango w'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi (amakuru y'Ishyirahamwe ry'Abakora Ibiryo by'Ingurube). Ibiryo by'ingurube biracyari igice cy'ingenzi, kandi muri Aragon, isosiyete ifite inganda zigera ku 4.618 zitunganya ibiryo by'ingurube, zikora ku gitutu kidashira kugira ngo zitange ubuziranenge buhamye, kuko itandukaniro iryo ari ryo ryose mu kuramba cyangwa guhuza intungamubiri bigira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku bipimo byo guhindura ibiryo by'ingurube (FCR) bigena inyungu y'ubuhinzi.
2. Ikibazo: Ibikoresho byo gusaza ibikoresho n'ibinyabiziga bidakora neza
Uruganda rutunganya ibiryo by’ingurube ruvugwaho kuba ubucuruzi bw’umuryango butanga toni zigera ku 60.000 z’ibiryo by’ingurube buri mwaka, cyane cyane ku bahinzi n’abarangiza ingurube, rwari rufite umuyoboro w’ibiryo by’ingurube umaze imyaka irenga 12 ukora. Hari havutse ibibazo bitatu byihariye:
Kugabanuka k'uburambe bw'udusimba. Igipimo cy'ubudahangarwa bw'udusimba (PDI), igipimo ngenderwaho cy'uburyo udusimba twihanganira gufatwa no gutwarwa mbere yo kugera ku nyamaswa, cyari cyaragabanutse ku kigero cya 86-88% ku dusimba dusanzwe tw'ibiryo by'abahinzi ba 3.5 mm. Ubwumvikane mu nganda bufata 92% nk'igipimo cyiza cya PDI; munsi y'ibi, gutanga amande menshi mu gihe cyo gutwara ibintu hakoreshejwe umwuka no gupakira imodoka biba igihombo gishoboka mu bukungu. Ubushakashatsi bwashyizwe ahagaragara na Metalteco n'abandi bakora ibikoresho byemeza ko buri kigero cya PDI cyatakaye gikunze gusobanurwa nk'amande agaragaza ibikoresho fatizo byapfuye ndetse n'ibiryo by'ubushake bigabanuka mu murima.
Ubudahangarwa bw'umusaruro. Umusaruro wahindukaga hagati ya 6 na 9 TPH bitewe n'ubushuhe bw'ibikoresho fatizo n'uburyo byakozwe, bituma gahunda y'umusaruro idashoboka. Ibi byari ikibazo cy'umutwaro wa moteri ndetse n'ingaruka z'imyobo yashaje itari igifite igipimo cyayo cyo gukanda.
Ibiciro by'ingufu biriyongera. Kubera ko ibiciro by'amashanyarazi mu nganda za Esipanye biri mu binini cyane mu Burayi bw'Amajyepfo, ingufu zikoreshwa n'uru ruganda—zipimirwa kuri kWh kuri toni y'ibiryo bya pelleted—zariyongereye cyane kuko icyuma cya kera cyasabaga moteri nyinshi kugira ngo gisunike ibikoresho mu myobo yangiritse igice.
Umuyobozi w’uruganda yashyizeho intego eshatu ku murongo mushya wo koza ingurube: PDI > = 92% ku miterere isanzwe y’abahinzi b’ingurube; umusaruro uhamye > = 8 TPH mu matsinda yose y’ibiryo by’ingurube; n’ikiguzi cyose cyo gutunga (TCO) cyagabanuka mu mezi 24 ugereranyije n’ibiciro by’ingufu byazamutse ku murongo usanzwe.
3. Guhitamo ibikoresho no kubishyiraho mu buryo bwa tekiniki
Nyuma yo gusuzuma ibitekerezo by’abatanga serivisi batatu, uru ruganda rwahisemo uruganda rwa Hongyang Feed Machinery rwa SZLH420 ring die pellet mill, rufatanye n’uru ruganda rwa HYPM-series ring dies rwakozwe mu cyuma gifite chromium nyinshi (kingana n’urwego rwa 420SS, ubukana bw’ubuso bwa 58-62 HRC nyuma yo gushyushya mu buryo bwa vacuum).
Guhitamo igipimo cyo gukandagira kw'ingurube. Ku biryo by'abahinzi b'ingurube - ubusanzwe birimo 60-65% by'ibinyampeke by'ibinyampeke (ibigori, sayiri, ingano), 20-25% by'ifu ya soya, hamwe n'ingano zikomoka kuri fibre, imyunyu ngugu, n'ibindi bivangwa - igipimo gikwiye cyo gukandagira kw'ingurube kiri hagati ya 8:1 na 10:1. Ibiryo by'ingurube bikungahaye kuri fibre bifite sayiri nyinshi cyangwa ingano-bran bisaba gukandagira cyane kugira ngo bitange ubushyuhe buhagije bwo gukururana kugira ngo habeho gelatinization no gufatana kw'inyama. Itsinda ry'abahanga rya Hongyang, rikorera ku makuru nyayo y'umukiriya, ryatanze igitekerezo cyo gukandagira kw'ingurube ku gipimo cya 9:1 gifite umurambararo w'umwobo wa mm 3.5, uburebure bw'umwobo bufite uburebure bwa mm 31.5, n'ubugari bw'umwobo bungana na mm 140. Ibi bipimo bigamije kuringaniza ubukana bw'inyama n'umusaruro, birinda gukandagira cyane bishobora gutera gukandagira kw'inyama, umutwaro mwinshi wa moteri, no kwangiza ubushyuhe bw'ibiryo by'inyongera bikoresha ubushyuhe nka enzymes na aside amine zikoze mu nganda.
Ibikoresho by'icyuma n'ubukonje. Imashini ya HYPM yatoranijwe yakoreshaga imashini ikoze mu cyuma gikonjesha ifite ubukana bwa HRC 60 n'ubujyakuzimu bwa mm 1.5. Iri hitamo ry'ibikoresho ryatewe n'uburyo ibikoresho fatizo by'umukiriya wo muri Esipanye byakoreshejwe mu gukurura, birimo igice cya sayiri ikomoka mu gihugu izwiho kuba ifite silika nyinshi ikomoka ku butaka. Imashini zisanzwe za karuboni mu buryo busa n'ubwazo zari zaragaragaje ko imashini yangiritse vuba mu masaha 3.000-4.000 yo gukora; imashini ya HYPM ifite amanota 5.000-6.000 mu gihe cy'imitwaro isa n'iyo.
Ingufu zo gusya no gutunganya. SZLH420 ifite moteri nini ya 110 kW iyobora uruziga rw'impeta binyuze mu gikoresho gikomeye gifite uburyo bwo kohereza ibikoresho bya helical, gifite amanota yo gukora buri gihe ku muvuduko wa die wa 250-350 rpm. Hejuru, icyuma gikonjesha gifite imiterere ibiri gifite igihe cyo kubika amasegonda 45-90 (gishobora guhindurwa binyuze mu nguni y'umukandara) gitanga uburyo bwo gutunganya umwuka kuri dogere selisiyusi 80-85, kikagira ubushuhe bwa 15-17% nyuma yo gutunganya imiterere y'ingurube n'igipimo cya gelatinization ya starch cya 30-35% - byombi biri mu mwanya mwiza wo korohereza ingurube.
4. Gushyiraho, Gutanga serivisi, n'umusaruro wa mbere
Gushyiraho kose - kuva ku gusenya umurongo ushaje kugeza ku ikorwa rya mbere kuri SZLH420 - byarangiye mu minsi 14, igihe cyagenwe n'igishushanyo mbonera cy'urukuta rwa pellet rwa Hongyang, ruri ku rukuta rw'icyuma rwagenwe mbere rudasaba guhindura urufatiro rwa sima.
Amakuru yo mu minsi 30 ya mbere y’akazi yagaragaje ko:
Umusaruro uva mu biryo by'abahinzi, mm 3.5: Intego >= 8 TPH, Nyayo (Impuzandengo y'iminsi 30): 9.3 TPH
PDI (uburyo bwo gupfunyika): Intego >= 92%, nyayo: 93.2%
Ingufu zikoreshwa ku buryo bwihariye: Intego <= 16 kWh/t, Nyayo: 14.8 kWh/t
Igipimo cy'imisoro ku bihano: Intego <= 5%, nyakuri: 3.1%
Ubushuhe nyuma yo koroshya: Intego ni 15-17%, nyayo ni 16.2%
Gushyiramo gelatinization y'ibinyampeke: Intego 30-35%, nyayo: 33.6%
Ibisubizo bya PDI byari ingenzi cyane. Ku kigero cya 93.2%, uru ruganda rwakoraga uduce duto twafatanaga binyuze mu isafuriya y’aho hantu, imashini ipima ikirere, n’umurongo w’amashanyarazi wa metero 25 ugana ku byuma bitunganya umusaruro - kandi ikiruta byose, mu rugendo rw’amakamyo rwa kilometero 80-120 rugana mu mirima y’ingurube ikorerwamo n’uru ruganda. Abakozi b’uru ruganda bavuze ko amande yo gukusanya amakamyo yo munsi y’imodoka zitwara imizigo yagabanutseho hafi 40% ugereranije n’umurongo ushaje.
5. Ingaruka ku buhinzi: Impamvu Ubwiza bw'ibitoki ari ingenzi ku mikorere y'ingurube
Ikizamini cya nyuma cy'ibikoresho byo kogosha ntabwo kiri mu ruganda rutunganya ibiryo ahubwo kiri mu kiraro cy'ingurube. Ku bahinzi b'ingurube, ubwiza bw'ibiryo bigira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku bintu bitatu bikurura ubukungu:
Ingano y’ibiryo n’umuvuduko w’izamuka ry’ibiryo. Ubushakashatsi bugaragaza ko ingurube zigaburirwa ibiryo biramba kandi bigabanya amande make zigira impuzandengo y’ifunguro rya buri munsi (ADFI) n’impuzandengo y’izamuka ry’ibiryo bya buri munsi (ADG) ugereranije n’ibiryo byagaburiwe ibiryo cyangwa ibiryo byangiritse bifite amande menshi. Uburyo bwo kubikoresha burasobanutse: amande yongera ubusa bw’ibiryo, igabanya uburyohe bwo kubirya, kandi igatuma ingurube zimara igihe kinini zitoranya ibiryo aho kubirya. Ku bakiriya ba Aragon, cyane cyane ibikorwa byabo bikura kugeza birangiye, aho buri ruganda rutanga ibiryo hagati ya 2,000 na 5,000 ku biryo bya buri gace, bingana na 60-70% by’ikiguzi cyose cy’umusaruro, bigatuma n’izamuka rito rya FCR rigira akamaro mu bukungu.
Ubwiza bw'intungamubiri. Agace gakozwe neza gatuma buri kantu gafite imiterere y'intungamubiri yakozwe n'inzobere mu by'imirire. Iyo agace gacitsemo ibice mu gihe cyo kugafata, ibice bikunze kwibanda hasi mu byo kurya mu gihe uduce duto dukomeza kuba hejuru, bigatuma habaho indyo ebyiri zitandukanye mu byo kurya bimwe. Uku gutandukanya imbogamizi ku mirire myiza isabwa n'abahanga mu by'imirire y'ingurube.
Ubuzima bw'amara n'isuku y'ibiryo. Guhuza ubushuhe, ubushyuhe n'umuvuduko mu gihe cyo gutera ibiryo bigabanya igice cy'umutwaro wa mikorobe, harimo n'udukoko dusanzwe dukwirakwira mu biribwa. Nubwo gutera ibiryo bitaba ari intambwe yo gusukura, inzira y'ubushyuhe itanga indi mbogamizi y'isuku ihuza ingamba z'umutekano w'ibinyabuzima ku rwego rw'ubuhinzi.
Mu mezi atandatu nyuma yo kuvugurura umurongo w’inganda zikora pellets, imirima ibiri minini y’inganda zatanze raporo y’uko FCR yazamutseho amanota 0.08-0.12 ku cyiciro cy’abahinzi (uburemere bw’umubiri bwa kg 30-70), bivuze ko hazabaho kuzigama ibiro 8-12 by’ibiryo by’ingurube kuri buri ngurube muri icyo cyiciro cyo gukura. Umuyobozi ushinzwe umusaruro w’inganda avuga ko ibi bitaterwa gusa n’impinduka mu bikoresho ahubwo ko byatewe no guhuza uburyo pellets ziramba ndetse n’icyemezo cy’inganda cyo gukaza igenzura ry’ubuziranenge bw’inganda zikora pellets ku murongo wa Hongyang watanze umusaruro uhoraho.
6. Inkunga nyuma yo kugurisha nk'ikintu gitandukanya amarushanwa
Kimwe mu bintu byakozwe muri Hongyang, umukiriya wo muri Esipanye yavuze ko ari ingenzi ni uko hari ubufasha bwa tekiniki buboneka nyuma y’aho bwatangiriye gushyirwa. Ku mashini zikora ibyuma bito, icyuma gito gikoreshwa mu kugikoresha kigomba gusimburwa buri masaha 5.000-6.000 (biterwa n’uburyo ibikoresho fatizo bikoreshwa mu kugikoresha n’uburyo bwo kugitunganya). Hongyang ifite ububiko bw’ibyuma bito bito bisimbura HYPM mu buryo busanzwe bwo gukanda no mu burebure bw’imyobo ya SZLH420, kandi itanga uburyo bwo gukora ibyuma bito bidasanzwe ku mashini zikora ibyuma bito bito.
Mu gihe cyo guhindura icyuma cya mbere cyakoreshejwe mu masaha agera ku 5.200 y'akazi, itsinda ry'abakiriya ryahuye n'ikibazo gito cyo guhuza icyuma cyatewe n'uburyo icyuma giteranya amashanyarazi kidakora neza ku gice cy'icyuma giteranya amashanyarazi. Abakozi ba tekiniki ba Hongyang batanze ubuyobozi bwa videwo mu masaha 24, bayobora itsinda mu buryo bwo gupima amashanyarazi, ibyo bikaba byarakemuye ikibazo nta gihe cyo gukora kirenze igihe kimwe. Mu nganda aho guhagarara amasaha 24 ku ruganda rwa toni 60.000 ku mwaka bishobora gutuma toni 150-200 z'umusaruro utakaye, umuvuduko n'ubwiza bw'inkunga ikoreshwa mu gupima amashanyarazi bifite agaciro gakomeye mu bukungu.
Kuva icyo gihe umukiriya yatumije agace ka kabiri k’impeta ya HYPM gafite igipimo cyo gukandagiraho (9.5:1) kugira ngo haboneke ibiryo bishya byo kurangiza birimo sayiri nyinshi - uburyo bwo guhindura imvange bushingiye ku kuboneka kw’ibikoresho fatizo mu gihe cy’umwaka mu kibaya cya Ebro. Ubwitange bwa Hongyang bwo gukora uduce duto tw’impeta dutandukanye aho gusaba ko haboneka ingano ntoya z’ibice bitanu cyangwa birenga, mu magambo y’umukiriya, “itandukaniro riri hagati y’umucuruzi n’umufatanyabikorwa.”
7. Umwanzuro
Isoko ry’ibiryo by’ingurube ryo muri Esipanye ni rimwe mu masosiyete akomeye cyane ku isi, rifite ubwinshi buri hejuru, rihenze cyane, kandi risaba ibikoresho byinshi. Ku bakora ibikoresho bashaka kwinjira cyangwa kwagura iri soko, inzitizi si iz’ubucuruzi gusa ahubwo ni iz’ikoranabuhanga: kuramba kw’ibiryo, imikorere ihamye, gukoresha neza ingufu, no kwita ku bicuruzwa nyuma yo kugurisha ni byo bintu nyabyo bikoreshwa mu guhangana.
Uruganda rwa Hongyang Feed Machinery rwa SZLH420 ring die pellet mill na HYPM ring die system byagaragaje ko umurongo wo hagati wo gutekeshamo pellets wakozwe mu Bushinwa ushobora kugera ku musaruro witezwe n’uruganda rwo mu Burayi rukoresha ubwiza. Guhuza uburyo bwo gukanda neza, ibikoresho byo gutekesha byo mu rwego rwo hejuru, n’ubufasha bwa tekiniki butanga umusaruro ufatika: PDI iri hejuru ya 93%, umusaruro wa 9-10 TPH, ikoreshwa ry’ingufu rya 14.8 kWh/t, hamwe n’izamuka rya FCR rihambaye ku nyungu z’umworozi w’ingurube.
Ku batunganya ibiryo basuzuma ibikoresho byo gusya, urubanza rwa Aragon rushimangira amahame atatu akwiye gukurikizwa mu cyemezo icyo ari cyo cyose cyo kugura: icya mbere, shyira igihe kugira ngo uhuze igipimo cyo gukandagirana n'ingano y'ibicuruzwa byawe aho kwishingikiriza ku bipimo rusange; icya kabiri, fata ubushobozi bwo gushyigikira nyuma yo kugurisha nk'igipimo cyo guhitamo kingana n'igiciro n'ibipimo bya tekiniki; icya gatatu, pima imikorere y'ibikoresho ukoresheje urupapuro rw'amakuru ahubwo ukurikije ibisubizo byo guhindura ibiryo ku irembo ry'ubuhinzi - kuko ariho buri kimwe kigaragaza agaciro kacyo.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kamena-10-2026
